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Trade, environmental regulations and the World Trade Organization : new empirical evidence

Author:	Busse, Matthias;	Collection Title:	Policy, Research working paper ; no. WPS 3361
Country:	World;	Date Stored:	2004/07/30
Document Date:	2004/07/01	Document Type:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English	Region:	The World Region
Report Number:	WPS3361	SubTopics:	Environmental Economics & Policies; Administrative & Regulatory Law; Trade and Services; Water and Industry; Economic Theory & Research; Public Health Promotion
Volume No:	1 of 1

Summary: The paper empirically explores the linkages between environmental regulations and international trade flows. So far, empirical studies either have failed to find any close statistical relationship or have delivered questionable results due to data limitations. Using a comprehensive new database for environmental regulations across countries, a thorough empirical investigation of that linkage for 119 countries and five high-polluting industries is performed. No evidence is found to support the pollution hypothesis that industries facing above-average abatement costs with environmental regulations would prefer pollution havens and relocate their activities. The exception is iron and steel products, where a negative and statistically significant link is established, implying that higher compliance with international treaties and conventions and more stringent regulations are associated with reduced net exports. High-income countries, where environmental regulations are usually more stringent in comparison to middle or low income countries, have experienced a considerable decline in the export-import ratio of iron and steel products since the late 1970s. There is no clear evidence that national governments choose sub-optimal policies that result in insufficient regulations, so the case for environmental standards within the WTO framework is relatively weak.


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