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Acemoglu D., Johnson S. and Robinson J. A. (2001). “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review  91 (5): 1369-1401.

Aitken B. and Harrison A. E. (1999) “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela”, American Economic Review 89 (3): 605-618.

Aitken Brian, Hanson Gordon and Harrison Ann (1994) "Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and Export Behavior" NBER Working Paper 4967

Aitken N. D. (1973), The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal Cross-Section Analysis, American Economic Review v63, n5: 881-92.

Aitken N. D. and Lowry W. R. (1973). “A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effects of LAFTA and CACM on Latin American Trade”, Journal of Common Market Studies v11, n4 (June 1973): 326-36.

Aitken N. D. and Obutelewicz R. S. (1976). “A Cross-Sectional Study of EEC Trade with the Association of African Countries,” Review of Economics and Statistics v58, n4 (Nov. 1976): 425-33.

Alburo F.A., Bautista C. C. and Gochoco M. S. H. (1992). “Pacific Direct Investment Flows into ASEAN,” ASEAN Economic Bulletin, March.

Amjadi A. and Winters L. A. (1999). "Transport Costs and "Natural" Integration in Mercosur," Journal of Economic Integration, vol. 14, (4), pp.497-521.

Anderson S. S. and Eliassen K. A. (1993) Making policy in Europe: the Europeification of national policy-making, Sage Publications, London.

Anderson K. and Norheim, H. (1993). “History, Geography and Regional Economic Integration,” Regional integration and the global trading system, Pages 19-51.

Andriamananjara S. and Schiff M. (2001). “Regional Groupings Among Microstates”, Review of International Economics (February).

Anwar D. F. (1994). Indonesia in ASEAN. Foreign Policy and Regionalism. St. Martin’s Press: New York.

Arad R. and Hillman A. L. (1979). “Embargo Threat, Learning and Departure from Comparative Advantage,” Journal of International Economics 9 (May): 265-75.

Bagwell K. and Staiger R. W. (1997). "An Economic Theory of GATT", American Economic Review, vol. 89 n1 March 1999, pp. 215-48.

Bagwell K. and Staiger R. W (1998). "Will Preferential Trading Arrangements Undermine the Multilateral Trading System?", Economic Journal, Vol. 108, no. 449, pp. 1162-1182.

Balassa, Bela. (1974) "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the European Common Market: An Appraisal of the evidence," Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 42.

Baldwin F. and Portes R. (1997) The Costs and Benefits of Eastern Enlargement: The Impact on the EU and Central Europe, Economic Policy: A European Forum (April): 125-70.

Baldwin R. E. (1989) “The Growth Effects of 1992”. Economic Policy: 248-81.

Baldwin R. E (1992) “Measurable Dynamic Gains from Trade”. Journal of Political Economy 100 (1): 162 - 174.

Baldwin R. E (1993) "On the Measurement of Dynamic Effects of Integration," Empirica-Austrian Economic Papers (Austria); 20, No. 2, pp 129-45.

Baldwin R. E (1994) Towards an Integrated Europe. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.

Baldwin R. E (1995) “A Domino Theory of Regionalism,” in R. E. Baldwin, P. Haaparanta and J. Kiander (eds): Expanding membership of the European Union, Cambridge University Press.

Baldwin R. E (1997) "The Causes of Regionalism" The World Economy, Vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 865-88.

Baldwin R. E and Forslid R. (1996) "Trade Liberalization and Endogenous Growth: A q-Theory Approach," National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc Working Paper # 5549.

Baldwin R. E, Forslid R and Haaland J. (1996) "Investment Creation and Investment Diversion: A Simulation Study of the EU's Single Market Programme," The World Economy, vol. 19 (6), pp. 635-59.

_______ and Venables A. J. (1995) “Regional Economic Integration”, Handbook of International Economics, Volume 3 (1995): 1597-1644, Elsevier, North-Holland.

Bandyopadhyay S. and Wall H. (1999) "Customs Union or Free Trade Area: the role of political asymmetries", Review of International Economics, vol. 7 (4), pp. 665-672.

Basevi G., Delbono F. and Mariotti M. (1994) "Bargaining with a Composite Player: An Application to the Uruguay Round of GATT Negotiations," Journal of International and Comparative Economics, vol. 3, pp. 161-74.

Bayoumi T. and Eichengreen B. (1997) "Is Regionalism Simply a Diversion? Evidence from the Evolution of the EC and EFTA," in Ito, T. and Krueger, A.O.NBER East Asia Seminar on Economics Vol. 6 Regionalism versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

Ben-David, Dan (1993) “Equalizing Exchange: Trade Liberalization and Economic Convergence”, Quarterly Journal of Economics (August)

Ben-David, Dan (1994) “Income Disparity Among Countries and the Effects of Freer Trade”, in Luigi L. Pasinetti and Robert M. Solow (eds.), Economic Growth and the Structure of Long Run Development, London: Macmillan, pp. 45-64.

Ben-David, Dan (1996). “Trade and Convergence Among Countries”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 40, Issues 3-4, pp. 297-98.

Ben-David, Dan (1998). “Convergence Clubs and Subsistence Economies”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 55, pp. 155-7.

Bergsten C. F. (1996). "Globalizing Free Trade," Foreign Affairs, vol. 75, pp.105-20.Bergsten 1997.

_______ . (1997) " Open Regionalism," World Economy, Vol. 20, pp.545-65.

Bernal, L. Richard. (1998) “The integration of Small Economies in the Free Trade Area of the Americas,” Policy papers on the Americas, Vol. IX, Study 1, CSIS Americas Program.

Bhagwati J. (1987) “VERs and quid pro quo DFI and VIEs: Political-Economy-Theoretic Analysis,” International Economic Journal 1:1-4.

Bhagwati J. (1991) The World Trading System at Risk, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Bhagwati J. (1993) “Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview”, in De Melo, J. and Panagariya, A. (eds) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 22-57.

Bhagwati J. and Panagariya A. (1997) “Preferential Trading Areas and Multilateralism: Strangers, Friends or Foes?” in Bhagwati, J. N. and Panagariya A.(eds.) Free Trade Areas or Free Trade? The Economics of Preferential Trading Agreements, AEI Press, Washington D.C.

Bhagwati J. and Srinivasan T. N. (1999) “Outward-Orientation and Development: Are Revisionists Right?” Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 806, Yale University (September).

Bhalla A.S. and Bhalla. P. (1997) Regional blocs: building blocks or stumbling blocks. New York : St. Martin's Press.

Bilal, Sanoussi (1998) “Why regionalism may increase the demand for trade protection,” Journal of Economic Integration 13:30-61.

Blanchard O. J. and Katz L. F. (1992) “Regional Evolutions”. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1992, pp. 1-61.

Blomstrom M. and Kokko A. (1997) “Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment. A Conceptual Framework and Three Cases”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1750.

_______  and  _______.  (1998). “Foreign Investment as a Vehicle for International Technology Transfer”, in Creation and Transfer of Knowledge: Institutions and Incentives by Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Partha Dasgupta, Karl G. Maler and Domenico Siniscalco (eds.). Heidelberg and Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Bond Eric W. (1997) “Competition Policy in Customs Unions: Theory and an Example from U.S. History.” Penn State, mimeo.

Bond, Eric W. and Constantinos Syropoulos (1996) "The Size of Trading Blocs: Market Power and World Welfare Effects," Journal of International Economics, v40, Issues 3-4, pp. 411-37.

Bond, Eric W., Constantinos Syropoulos and L. Alan Winters (2001) “Deepening of Regional Integration and Multilateral Trade Agreements,” Journal of International Economics, v53, n2 (April 2001): 335-61.

Brada J. C. and Mendez J. A. (1988). “An Estimate of the Dynamic Effects of Economic Integration”. Review of Economic and Statistics: 163-68.

Byron, Jessica (1994) “CARICOM in the Post-Cold War Era: Regional Solutions or Continued Regional Contradictions ?” Working Paper Series No. 178, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Campa J. M. and Sorenson T. L. (1996). "Are Trade Blocs Conducive to Free Trade?" The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 98 (2), pp. 263-273.

Catinat M. and Italianer A. (1988). “Completing the Internal Market: Primary Microeconomic Effects and their Implementation in Macroeconometric Models”. Commission of the European Communities (March).

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Cecchini, Paolo. (1988). 1992, The European Challenge: The Benefits of a Single Market, Aldershot and Hants, London.

Chang W. and Winters L. A. (1999). How Regional Blocs Affect Excluded Countries: The Price Effects of MERCOSUR, Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper: 2179 (Forthcoming, American Economic Review).

Coe D. T. , Helpman E. and Hoffmaister A. W. (1997). “North-South R&D Spillovers,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 107 (Jan), pp. 134-149.

Coe D. T. and Hoffmaister A. W. (1999). “Are There International R&D Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners?” International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/99/18.

Collier P. (1996). “ The Role of the African State in Building Agencies of Restraint”, New directions in development economics: Growth, environmental concerns and government in the 1990s: 282-98 Publication: Studies in Development Economics, vol. 3. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.

Collier, P Guillaumont P., Guillaumont S. and Gunning, J.W. (1997) “The Future of Lomé: Europe’s Role”, The World Economy, vol. 20, no.3, pp.285-306.

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Cordoba J. (1996). ‘Rules of origin in free trade agreements’. Mimeo, Latin American and Caribbean Department, The World Bank.

Council of the European Union (1998) “Negotiating Directives for the Negotiation of a Development Partnership Aagreement with the ACP Countries”, Information Note, 10017/98, European Union, Brussels.

De Melo J., Montenegro C. and Panagariya A. (1993) “L’Integration Regionale Hier et Aujourd’hui”, Revue d’Economie du Développement, vol1. 1 #2, pp1-49. English version “Regional Integration, Old and New,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 985, 1992.

De Melo J., Panagariya A. and Rodrik D. (1993). "Regional Integration: An Analytical and Empirical Overview," in De Melo, J., and Panagariya, A. (eds.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, New York: Cambridge University Press.

De Rosa, Luigi (1995). “Il Futuro Economico Sara Dell’Asia Orientale?” Rassegna Economica v60, n3 (July-Sept.): 589-614.

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Dee P., Hardin A. and Schuele M. (1998). "APEC Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization," Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, AusInfo, Canberra.

Di Leva C. (1998), “International Environmental Law and Development.” The Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, v10, No. 2, pp. 501-49.

Dinar A. and Wolf A.  (1997) “Economic and Political Cooperation Regional Cooperation Models”, Agricultural and Economic Resources Review, 26 (10) 7-22.

Dissou, Y. (2002) “Dynamic Effects in Senegal of the Regional Trade Agreement Among UEMOA Countries” Review of International Economics 10 (1): 177-99.

Djankov S.  and Hoekman B. (1997). “Trade Reorientation and Productivity Growth in Bulgarian Enterprises”, World Bank Research Working Paper #1707.

_______  and  _______.  (2000). “Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises.” The World Bank Economic Review 14 (1): 49-64.

Dollar, David (1992). “Outward-oriented Developing Economies really do grow more Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-85,” Economic Development and Cultural Change Vol. 40 (April) pp. 523-44.

Doyle, Michael. (1986). Empires. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Duchene F. and. Monnet J. (1994) The First Statesman of Interdependence. Norton: New York.

Echavarria, Juan Jose (1997). “Trade Flows in the Andean Pact countries: Unilateral Liberalization or Regional Preferences?” in Burki, Perry and Calve (eds.) Trade: Towards Open Regionalism. Annual World Bank Conference on Development in Latin America and the Caribbean.

_______.    (1998). "Trade Flows in the Andean Countries: Unilateral Liberalization or Regional Preferences?" Mimeo, Organization of American States, Trade Unit.

Edwards, Sebastian (1993). “Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries,” Journal of Economic Literature Vol XXXI (September), pp 1358-93.

_______.  (1998). “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?” , Economic Journal v108, n447 (March 1998): 383-98.

Eichengreen B. and Frankel J. (1995). "Economic Regionalism: Evidence from Two 20th Century Episodes," North American Journal of Economics & Finance, vol.6, pp.89-106.

Emerson M. ( 1988). The Economics of 1992:The E.C. Commission’s assessment of the Economic Effects of Completing the Internal Market, Oxford University Press.

Ethier, W. J. (1998). “Regionalism in a Multilateral World,” Journal of Political Economy v106, n6 (December 1998): 1214-45 [PDF - 357 Kb]

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_______. (1997). “Dismantling of Barriers: Customs and Fiscal Formalities at Frontiers”. The Single Market Review, Sub-series III, vol. 3. Luxembourg: European Communities.

_______.  (1998). “Foreign Direct Investment,” The Single Market Review, Vol IV, No. 1.

Evenett S. and Hoekman B. (1999). “Government Procurement Discrimination and International Trade,” DECRG-IT, World Bank, mimeo.

Fernandez R and   Portes J. (1998). “Returns to Regionalism: An Analysis of Nontraditional Gains from Regional Trade Agreements,” World Bank Economic Review v12, n2 (May): 197-220     

Finger, Michael J. (1993). "GATT's Influence on Regional Arrangements," in De Melo J and Panagariya A (eds.) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press.

Flores R. (1997). “ The Gains from MERCOSUL: A General Equilibrium, Imperfect Competition Evaluation”, Journal of Policy Modeling v19, n1 (Feb.): 1-18.

Foroutan, Faezeh (1996). “Turkey, 1976-85: Foreign Trade, Industrial Productivity, and Competition”,    Industrial evolution in developing countries: Micro patterns of turnover, productivity, and market structure, pp: 314-37. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1996.

Foroutan, Faezeh (1998) " Does Membership of a Regional Preferential Trade Arrangement Make a Country More or Less Protectionist?" The World Economy, vol.21, no.3, pp.305-336.

Francois, Joseph F. (1997). “External Bindings and the Credibility of Reform”, in A. Galal and B. Hoekman (eds.) Regional Partners in Global Markets. Limits and Possibilities of Euro-Med Agreements, ECES (Cairo) and CEPR (London).

_______ and Shiells, eds. C.R. (1994). Modeling trade policy: Applied general equilibrium assessments in North American free trade. Cambridge; New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Rose Andrew. K. (2000). “Estimating the Effect of Currency Unions on Trade and Output.” NBER Working Paper 7857

Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Wei S. J. (1998). "Regionalization of World Trade and Currencies: Economics and Politics". In The Regionalization in the World Economy ed. by Jeffrey Frankel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Frankel Jeffrey A., Stein E. and   Wei S. J. (1997). Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System, Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C.

Freund, Caroline L. (1998). “Multilateralism and the Endogenous Formation of PTAs”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Finance Discussion Paper 614 (June).

Fujita M., Krugman P. and Venables A.J. (1999). The spatial economy: Cities, regions, and international trade. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.

Fukase, Emiko and Martin Will (2000).   “Free Trade Membership as a Stepping Stone to Development: Examining the Accession of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam to the ASEAN FTA,” Mimeo, DECRG-IT, The World Bank.

Fuleihan, Basil (1997). "The Impact of EU Association on Lebanon's fiscal Position" chapter 6 of Shahin, W. and Shehadi K. (eds.) Pathways to Integration: Lebanon and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies.

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Greenwold S. and Cox A. (1993) “The Legal and Structural Obstacles to Free Trade in the United States Procurement Market,” Public Procurement Law Review, 2:237-52.

Grossman G. and Helpman E. (1994) “Protection for Sale.” American Economic Review 84

Grossman G. and Helpman E. (1995) “The Politics of Free-Trade Agreements”, American Economic Review 85 (4), pp. 667-90.

Gupta A. and Schiff M. (1997) “Outsiders and Regional Trade Agreements among Small Countries”, World Bank Research Working Paper # 1847

Haaland J. and Norman V. (1992). "Global Production Effects of European Integration" in Winters, L. (ed) Trade Flows and Trade Policy After 1992, CEPR and Cambridge University Press.

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Hanson G. (1996), “Economic Integration, Intra Industry Trade and Frontier Regions,” European Economic Review, Vol. 40, pp. 941-49.

_______. (1997). “Increasing Returns, Trade and the Regional Structure of Wages”, Economic Journal 107: 113-133.

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Harrison, Ann E. (1994) “Productivity, Imperfect Competition and Trade Reform: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of International Economics v36, n1-2 (February 1994): 53-73.

Harrison G., Rutherford T. F. and Tarr D. G. (1996). “Increased Competition and Completion of the Market in the European Union: Statics and Steady State Effects”, Journal of Economic Integration v11, n3 (September 1996): 332-65.  

_______, _______ and _______. (1997). “Trade Policy Options for Chile: A Quantitative Evaluation,” Policy Research Working Paper 1783. Mimeo, DECRG-IT, The World Bank., Washington, DC.

_______, _______ and _______. (1998). "The Importance of Market Access in Regional Arrangements: The Case of Chile," Mimeo, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

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Hathaway O. (1998). "The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Industry Demands for Protection," International Organization, vol. 52, pp.575-612.

Henderson, David. (1999). The MAI Affair: A Story and Its Lessons, Royal Institute for International Affairs, London.

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_______ and Sauvé P. (1994). Regional and Multilateral Liberalization of Trade in Services: Complements or Substitutes?" Journal of Common Market Studies,  32:283-317.

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_______ and Smith A. (1997). “Dynamic Effects of Regional Integration”, presented at EC ‘Regionalism and Development’ Seminar, DG VIII (June 2).

Holmes, Thomas. (1998). “The Effect of State Policies on the Location of Manufacturing: Evidence from State Borders,” Journal of Political Economy, vol 106, no 4, 667-705 [PDF - 617 Kb]

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